Chapter 4 'Ka-Be,' Summary and Analysis Ka-Be is the camp abbreviation of Krankenbau, or infirmary. Levi starts the chapter by describing some of the daily work routine of life in the camp. In general the inmates are used as beasts of burden to transport heavy objects around the work camp area. He reports that he has now been at Monowitz-Buna for two months and that out of the more than one hundred initially reporting with his shipment, only forty remain alive. One day the inmates are assigned to work in pairs carrying heavy iron frames; Levi is assigned to work with Nul Achtzen, a young man who is so utterly defeated that he goes by his tattooed number of 018 rather than his name.
Although a strong worker, Null Achtzen is entirely without motivation. After carrying one frame, Levi and his companion return for. This section contains 522 words (approx.
2 pages at 400 words per page).
Primo Levi Born ( 1919-07-31)31 July 1919, Italy Died 11 April 1987 (1987-04-11) (aged 67) Turin, Italy Pen name Damiano Malabaila (used for some of his fictional works) Occupation Writer, Language Italian Nationality Italian Education Degree in chemistry Alma mater Period 1947–86 Genre Autobiography, short story, essay Notable works Spouse Lucia Morpurgo (1920-1987) Children 2 Relatives Cesare Levi (father) Ester Levi (mother) Anna Maria Levi (sister) Primo Michele Levi ( Italian:; 31 July 1919 – 11 April 1987) was an chemist, writer, and Holocaust survivor. He was the author of several books, novels, collections of short stories, essays, and poems.
His best-known works include (1947) (U.S.: Survival in Auschwitz), his account of the year he spent as a prisoner in the in -occupied Poland; and (1975), linked to qualities of the elements, which the named the written. Levi died in 1987 from injuries sustained in a fall from a third-story apartment landing. His death was officially ruled a suicide, but some have suggested that the fall was accidental. Contents. Biography Early life Levi was born in 1919 in, Italy, at Corso Re Umberto 75, into a liberal Jewish family. His father, Cesare, worked for the manufacturing firm and spent much of his time working abroad in Hungary, where Ganz was based.
Cesare was an avid reader and. Levi's mother, Ester, known to everyone as Rina, was well educated, having attended the Istituto Maria Letizia. She too was an avid reader, played the piano, and spoke fluent French.
The marriage between Rina and Cesare had been arranged by Rina's father. On their wedding day, Rina's father, Cesare Luzzati, gave Rina the apartment at Corso Re Umberto, where Primo Levi lived for almost his entire life.
And subcamps Fossoli was then taken over by the Nazis, who started arranging the deportations of the Jews to eastern concentration and death camps. On the second of these transports, on 21 February 1944, Levi and other inmates were transported in twelve cramped cattle trucks to, one of the three main camps in the Auschwitz concentration camp complex. Levi (record number 174517) spent eleven months there before the camp was by the on 18 January 1945. Of the 650 Italian Jews in his transport, Levi was one of twenty who left the camps alive. The average life expectancy of a new entrant at the camp was three to four months.
Levi knew some German from reading German publications on chemistry; he worked to orient quickly to life in the camp without attracting the attention of the privileged inmates. He used bread to pay a more experienced Italian prisoner for German lessons and orientation in Auschwitz. He was given a smuggled soup ration each day by, an Italian civilian bricklayer working there as a. Levi's professional qualifications were useful: in mid-November 1944, he secured a position as an assistant in 's laboratory that was intended to produce. By avoiding in freezing outdoor temperatures he was able to survive; also, by stealing materials from the laboratory and trading them for extra food.
Shortly before the camp was liberated by the, he fell ill with and was placed in the camp's sanatorium (camp hospital). On 18 January 1945, the hurriedly evacuated the camp as the Red Army approached, forcing all but the gravely ill on a long to a site further from the front, which resulted in the deaths of the vast majority of the remaining prisoners on the march. Levi's illness spared him this fate. Although liberated on 27 January 1945, Levi did not reach Turin until 19 October 1945. After spending some time in a Soviet camp for former concentration camp inmates, he embarked on an arduous journey home in the company of former Italian who had been part of the. His long railway journey home to Turin took him on a circuitous route from Poland, through Belarus, Ukraine, Romania, Hungary, Austria, and Germany.
In later writings, he noted the millions of displaced people on the roads and trains throughout Europe in that period. Writing career 1946–1960 Levi was almost unrecognisable on his return to Turin. Malnutrition had bloated his face. Sporting a scrawny beard and wearing an old uniform, he returned to Corso Re Umberto.
The next few months gave him an opportunity to recover physically, re-establish contact with surviving friends and family, and start looking for work. Levi suffered from the psychological trauma of his experiences. Having been unable to find work in Turin, he started to look for work in Milan. On his train journeys, he began to tell people he met stories about his time at Auschwitz. At a Jewish New Year party in 1946, he met Lucia Morpurgo, who offered to teach him to dance. Levi fell in love with Lucia.
At about this time, he started writing poetry about his experiences in Auschwitz. On 21 January 1946 he started work at DUCO, a paint factory outside Turin. Because of the extremely limited train service, Levi stayed in the factory dormitory during the week.
This gave him the opportunity to write undisturbed. He started to write the first draft of. Every day he scribbled notes on train tickets and scraps of paper as memories came to him. At the end of February, he had ten pages detailing the last ten days between the German evacuation and the arrival of the Red Army. For the next ten months, the book took shape in his dormitory as he typed up his recollections each night.
On 22 December 1946, the manuscript was complete. Lucia, who now reciprocated Levi's love, helped him to edit it, to make the narrative flow more naturally. In January 1947, Levi was taking the finished manuscript around to publishers. It was rejected by on the advice of. The social wounds of the war years were still too fresh, and he had no literary experience to give him a reputation as an author. Eventually Levi found a publisher, Franco Antonicelli, through a friend of his sister's.
Antonicelli was an amateur publisher, but as an active anti-Fascist, he supported the idea of the book. At the end of June 1947, Levi suddenly left DUCO and teamed up with an old friend Alberto Salmoni to run a chemical consultancy from the top floor of Salmoni's parents' house. Many of Levi's experiences of this time found their way into his later writing. They made most of their money from making and supplying for mirror makers, delivering the unstable chemical by bicycle across the city.
The attempts to make lipsticks from reptile excreta and a coloured to coat teeth were turned into short stories. Accidents in their laboratory filled the Salmoni house with unpleasant smells and corrosive gases. In September 1947, Levi married Lucia and a month later, on 11 October, If This Is a Man was published with a print run of 2,000 copies. In April 1948, with Lucia pregnant with their first child, Levi decided that the life of an independent chemist was too precarious.
He agreed to work for Accatti in the family paint business which traded under the name SIVA. In October 1948, his daughter Lisa was born. During this period, his friend 's physical and psychological health declined. Lorenzo had been a civilian forced worker in Auschwitz, who for six months had given part of his ration and a piece of bread to Levi without asking for anything in return. The gesture saved Levi's life. In his memoir, Levi contrasted Lorenzo with everyone else in the camp, prisoners and guards alike, as someone who managed to preserve his humanity. After the war, Lorenzo could not cope with the memories of what he had seen, and descended into alcoholism.
Levi made several trips to rescue his old friend from the streets, but in 1952 Lorenzo died. In 1950, having demonstrated his chemical talents to Accatti, Levi was promoted to Technical Director at SIVA. As SIVA's principal chemist and trouble shooter, Levi travelled abroad. He made several trips to Germany and carefully engineered his contacts with senior German businessmen and scientists. Wearing short-sleeved shirts, he made sure they saw his prison camp number on his arm. He became involved in organisations pledged to remembering and recording the horror of the camps. In 1954 he visited to mark the ninth anniversary of the camp's liberation from the Nazis.
Levi dutifully attended many such anniversary events over the years and recounted his own experiences. In July 1957, his son Renzo was born, almost certainly named after his saviour Lorenzo Perrone. Despite a positive review by in, only 1,500 copies of If This Is a Man were sold. In 1958, a major publisher, published it in a revised form and promoted it. In 1958 Stuart Woolf, in close collaboration with Levi, translated If This Is a Man into English, and it was published in the UK in 1959 by Orion Press.
Also in 1959 Heinz Riedt, also under close supervision by Levi, translated it into German. As one of Levi's primary reasons for writing the book was to get the German people to realise what had been done in their name, and to accept at least partial responsibility, this translation was perhaps the most significant to him. 1961–1974 Levi began writing The Truce early in 1961; it was published in 1963, almost 16 years after his first book. That year it won the first annual literary award. It is often published in one volume with If This Is a Man, as it covers his long return through eastern Europe from Auschwitz.
Levi's reputation was growing. He regularly contributed articles to, the Turin newspaper.
He worked to gain a reputation as a writer about subjects other than surviving Auschwitz. In 1963, he suffered his first major bout of depression. At the time he had two young children, and a responsible job at a factory where accidents could and did have terrible consequences. He travelled and became a public figure. But the memory of what happened less than twenty years earlier still burned in his mind.
Today the link between such trauma and depression is better understood. Doctors prescribed several different drugs over the years, but these had variable efficacy and side effects.
In 1964 Levi collaborated on a radio play based upon If This Is a Man with the state broadcaster, and in 1966 with a theatre production. He published two volumes of science fiction short stories under the pen name of Damiano Malabaila, which explored ethical and philosophical questions. These imagined the effects on society of inventions which many would consider beneficial, but which, he saw, would have serious implications. Many of the stories from the two books Storie naturali ( Natural Histories, 1966) and Vizio di forma ( Structural Defect, 1971) were later collected and published in English as The Sixth Day and Other Tales.
In 1974 Levi arranged to go into semi-retirement from SIVA in order to have more time to write. He also wanted to escape the burden of responsibility for managing the paint plant.
1975–1987 In 1975 a collection of Levi's poetry was published under the title L'osteria di Brema ( The Bremen Beer Hall). It was published in English as Shema: Collected Poems. He wrote two other highly praised memoirs, Lilit e altri racconti ( Moments of Reprieve, 1978) and Il sistema periodico ( The Periodic Table, 1975). Deals with characters he observed during imprisonment.
Is a collection of short pieces, based in episodes from his life but including two short stories that he wrote before his time in Auschwitz. Each story was related in some way to one of the chemical elements. At London's on 19 October 2006, The Periodic Table was voted onto the shortlist for the written. In 1977 at the age of 58, Levi retired as a part-time consultant at the SIVA paint factory to devote himself full-time to writing. Like all his books, La chiave a stella (1978), published in the US in 1986 as The Monkey Wrench and in the UK in 1987 as The Wrench, is difficult to categorize.
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Some reviews describe it as a collection of stories about work and workers told by a narrator who resembles Levi. Others have called it a novel, created by the linked stories and characters. Set in a Fiat-run company town in Russia called Togliattigrad, it portrays the engineer as a hero on whom others depend. The underlying philosophy is that pride in one's work is necessary for fulfillment. The Piedmontese engineer Faussone travels the world as an expert in erecting cranes and bridges.
Left-wing critics said he did not describe the harsh working conditions on the assembly lines at Fiat. It brought Levi a wider audience in Italy. Won the in 1979. Most of the stories involve the solution of industrial problems by the use of skills; many stories come from the author's personal experience. In 1984 Levi published his only, — or his second novel, if The Monkey Wrench is counted.
It traces the fortunes of a group of behind German lines during World War II as they seek to survive and continue their fight against the occupier. With the ultimate goal of reaching to take part in the development of a, the partisan band reaches Poland and then German territory. There the surviving members are officially received as in territory held by the Western allies. Finally, they succeed in reaching Italy, on their way to Palestine. The novel won both the and the.
The book was inspired by events during Levi's train journey home after release from the camp, narrated in The Truce. At one point in the journey, a band of Zionists hitched their wagon to the refugee train. Levi was impressed by their strength, resolve, organisation, and sense of purpose. Levi became a major literary figure in Italy, and his books were translated into many other languages.
The Truce became a standard text in Italian schools. In 1985, he flew to the United States for a 20-day speaking tour. Although he was accompanied by Lucia, the trip was very draining for him.
In the his early works were not accepted by censors as he had portrayed Soviet soldiers as slovenly and disorderly rather than heroic. In, a country formed partly by Jewish survivors who lived through horrors similar to those Levi described, many of his works were not translated and published until after his death.